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ความคิดเห็นที่ 1
**********Grafting*********
When to Graft
Unlike budding, which can be performed before or during the growing season, most grafting is done during winter and early spring while both scion and rootstock are still dormant. Containerized plants may be moved indoors during the actual grafting process; after grafting, these plants are placed in protected areas or in unheated overwintering houses. Field-grown stock, of course, must be grafted in place. Some deciduous trees are commonly grafted as bare rootstock during the winter and stored until spring planting. Indoor winter grafting is often referred to as bench grafting because it is accomplished at a bench.
Selecting and Handling Scion Wood
The best quality scion wood usually comes from shoots grown the previous season. Scions should be severed with sharp, clean shears or knives and placed immediately in moistened burlap or plastic bags. It is good practice during the harvesting of scions and the making of grafts to clean the cutting tools regularly. This may be done by flaming or immersing them in a sterilizing solution. Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol also works well as a sterilant, although it evaporates quite readily. An alternative sterilizing solution may be prepared by mixing one part household bleach with nine parts water (by volume). However, this bleach solution can be highly corrosive to certain metals.
For best results, harvest only as much scion wood as can be used for grafting during the same day. Select only healthy scion wood that is free from insect, disease, or winter damage. Be sure the stock plants are of good quality, healthy, and true to type. Scion wood that is frozen at harvest often knits more slowly and in lower percentage. If large quantities of scion wood must be harvested at one time, follow these steps:
Cut all scions to a uniform length, keep their basal ends together, and tie them in bundles of known quantity (for example, 50 scions per bundle).
Label them, recording the cultivar, date of harvest, and location of the stock plant.
Wrap the base of the bundles in moistened burlap or sphagnum, place them in polyethylene or waterproof paper bags, and seal the bags.
Store the bundles for short periods, if necessary, either iced down in insulated coolers or in a commercial storage unit at 32o to 34oF.
Never store scions in refrigerated units where fruits or vegetables are currently kept or have been stored recently. Stored fruits and vegetables release ethylene gas, which can cause woody plant buds to abort, making the scions useless.
Keep the scions from freezing during storage.
NOTE: In grafting, as well as budding, the vascular cambium of the scion or bud must be aligned with the vascular cambium of rootstock. In woody plants the cambium is a very thin ribbon of actively dividing cells located just below the bark. The cambium produces conductive tissue for the actively growing plant (Figure 1). This vascular cambium initiates callus tissue at the graft and bud unions in addition to stimulating tissue growth on the basal ends of many vegetative cuttings before they have rooted.
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| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:15] ( IP A:202.149.25.234 X: ) |  |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 2
**********Types of Grafts**********
Nurserymen can choose from a number of different types of grafts. This section describes only those basic types of grafts used on nursery crop plants.
*****Cleft Graft*****
One of the simplest and most popular forms of grafting, cleft grafting (Figure 2), is a method for top working both flowering and fruiting trees (apples, cherries, pears, and peaches) in order to change varieties. Cleft grafting is also used to propagate varieties of camellias that are difficult to root. This type of grafting is usually done during the winter and early spring while both scion and rootstock are still dormant. Cleft grafting may be performed on main stems or on lateral or scaffold branches.
The rootstock used for cleft grafting should range from 1 to 4 inches in diameter and should be straight grained. The scion should be about 1/4 inch in diameter, straight, and long enough to have at least three buds. Scions that are between 6 and 8 inches long are usually the easiest to use.
Preparing the Rootstock. The stock should be sawed off with a clean, smooth cut perpendicular to the main axis of the stem to be grafted. Using a clefting tool wedge and a mallet, make a split or "cleft" through the center of the stock and down 2 to 3 inches. Remove the clefting tool wedge and drive the pick end of the tool into the center of the newly made cleft so that the stock can be held open while inserting the scion.
Preparing the Scion. In cleft grafting, one scion is usually inserted at each end of the cleft, so prepare two scions for each graft. Select scions that have three or four good buds. Using a sharp, clean grafting knife, start near the base of the lowest bud and make two opposing smooth-tapered cuts 1 to 2 inches long toward the basal end of the scion. Cut the side with the lowest bud slightly thicker than the opposite side. Be sure the basal end of the scion gradually tapers off along both sides.
Inserting the Scion. Insert a scion on each end of the cleft, with the wider side of the wedge facing outward. The cambium of each scion should contact the cambium of the rootstock.
Securing the Graft. Remove the clefting tool from the cleft so that the rootstock can close. Pressure from the rootstock will hold the scions in place. Thoroughly seal all cut surfaces with grafting wax or grafting paint to keep out water and prevent drying. If both scions in the cleft "take," one will usually grow more rapidly than the other. After the first growing season, choose the stronger scion and prune out the weaker.
NOTE: The temperature of grafting wax is critical. It must be hot enough to flow but not so hot as to kill plant tissue. Recently, paint-like sealants have replaced wax in many areas because they are easier to use and require no heating.
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| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:19] ( IP A:202.149.25.225 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 3
*****Bark Graft*****
Bark grafting (Figure 3) is used primarily to top work flowering and fruiting trees. In contrast to cleft grafting, this technique can be applied to rootstock of larger diameter (4 to 12 inches) and is done during early spring when the bark slips easily from the wood but before major sap flow. The rootstock is severed with a sharp saw, leaving a clean cut as with cleft grafting.
Preparing the Stock. Start at the cut surface of the rootstock and make a vertical slit through the bark where each scion can be inserted (2 inches long and spaced 1 inch apart).
Preparing the Scion. Since multiple scions are usually inserted around the cut surface of the rootstock, prepare several scions for each graft. Cut the base of each scion to a 1 ½- to 2-inch tapered wedge on one side only.
Inserting the Scion. Loosen the bark slightly and insert the scion so that the wedge-shaped tapered surface of the scion is against the exposed wood under the flap of bark. Push the scion firmly down into place behind the flap of bark, replace the bark flap, and nail the scion in place by driving one or two wire brads through the bark and scion into the rootstock. Insert a scion every 3 to 4 inches around the cut perimeter of the rootstock.
Securing the Graft. Seal all exposed surfaces with grafting wax or grafting paint. Once the scions have begun to grow, leave only the most vigorous one on each stub; prune out all the others. Bark grafts tend to form weak unions and therefore usually require staking or support during the first few years.
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| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:24] ( IP A:202.149.25.225 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 4
*****Side-Veneer Graft*****
At one time the side-veneer graft (Figure 4) was a popular technique for grafting varieties of camellias and rhododendrons that are difficult to root. Currently, it is the most popular way to graft conifers, especially those having a compact or dwarf form. Side-veneer grafting is usually done on potted rootstock.
Preparing the Stock. Rootstock is grown in pots the season before grafting, allowed to go dormant, and then stored as with other container nursery stock. After exposure to cold weather for at least six weeks, the rootstock is brought into a cool greenhouse for a few days before grafting takes place to encourage renewed root growth. The plant should not be watered at this time.
Make a shallow downward cut about 3/4 inch to 1 inch long at the base of the stem on the potted rootstock to expose a flap of bark with some wood still attached. Make an inward cut at the base so that the flap of bark and wood can be removed from the rootstock.
Preparing the Scion. Choose a scion with a diameter the same as or slightly smaller than the rootstock. Make a sloping cut 3/4 to 1 inch long at the base of the scion. (Use the bark grafting technique shown in Figure 3.)
Inserting the Scion. Insert the cut surface of the scion against the cut surface of the rootstock. Be certain that the cambia contact each other.
Securing the Graft. Hold the scion in place using a rubber grafting strip, tape, or grafting twine. Seal the entire graft area with warm grafting wax or grafting paint. Remove the rubber or twine shortly after the union has healed. Never allow the binding material to girdle the stem.
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| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:26] ( IP A:202.149.25.225 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 5
*****Splice Graft*****
Splice grafting (Figure 5) is used to join a scion onto the stem of a rootstock or onto an intact rootpiece. This simple method is usually applied to herbaceous materials that callus or "knit" easily, or it is used on plants with a stem diameter of 1/2 inch or less. In splice grafting, both the stock and scion must be of the same diameter.
Preparing the Stock and Scion.Cut off the rootstock using a diagonal cut 3/4 to 1 inch long. Make the same type of cut at the base of the scion.
Inserting the Scion. Fit the scion to the stock. Wrap this junction securely with a rubber grafting strip or twine.
Securing the Graft. Seal the junction with grafting wax or grafting paint. Water rootstock sparingly until the graft knits. Over watering may cause sap to "drown" the scion. Be sure to remove the twine or strip as soon as the graft has healed.
| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:29] ( IP A:202.149.25.233 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 6
*****Whip and Tongue Graft*****
The whip and tongue technique (Figure 6) is most commonly used to graft nursery crops or woody ornamentals. Both the rootstock and scion should be of equal size and preferably no more than 1/2 inch in diameter. The technique is similar to splice grafting except that the whip on the rootstock holds the tongue of the scion in place (and vice versa). This leaves both hands free to wrap the joint.
For the whip and tongue graft, make similar cuts on both the stock and scion. These cuts should be made with a single draw of the knife and should have a smooth surface so that the two can develop a good graft union. Up to this point, rootstock and scion are cut the same as for a splice graft.
Preparing the Stock and Scion. Cut off the stock using a diagonal cut. The cut should be four to five times longer than the diameter of the stock to be grafted. Make the same kind of cut at the base of the scion.
Next, place the blade of the knife across the cut end of the stock, halfway between the bark and pith (on the upper part of the cut surface). Use a single knife stroke to draw the blade down at an angle through the wood and pith. Stop at the base of the initial diagonal cut. This second cut must not follow the grain of the wood but should run parallel to the first cut.
Inserting the Scion. Prepare the scion in the same way. Fit the scion into the rootstock so that they interlock whip and tongue. Be certain that the cambia are aligned.
Securing the Graft. Wrap the junction with a grafting strip or twine, and seal it with grafting wax or grafting paint. Never allow the binding material to girdle the stem.
| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:31] ( IP A:202.149.25.225 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 7
*****Saddle Graft*****
Saddle grafting (Figure 7) is a relatively easy technique to learn and once mastered can be performed quite rapidly. The stock may be either field-grown or potted. Both rootstock and scion should be the same diameter. For best results, use saddle grafting on dormant stock in mid- to late winter. Stock should not be more than 1 inch in diameter.
Preparing the Stock. Using two opposing upward strokes of the grafting knife, sever the top from the rootstock. The resulting cut should resemble an inverted V, with the surface of the cuts ranging from 1/2 to 1 inch long.
Preparing the Scion. Now reverse the technique to prepare the base of the scion. These cuts on the rootstock and scion must be the same length and have the same slope so that a maximum amount of cambial tissue will make contact when the two halves are joined.
Inserting the Scion. Place the V-notched scion onto the saddle of the rootstock. If rootstock and scion are the same diameter, cambial alignment is easier; otherwise adjust as needed.
Securing the Graft. Wrap the graft with a grafting twine, tape, or strip, then seal it with grafting wax or grafting paint.
All of the preceding techniques are used to top work horticultural crops for a particular purpose. Occasionally, however, grafting is used to repair injured or diseased plants. Two common techniques available for this purpose are bridge grafting and inarch grafting.
| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:35] ( IP A:202.149.25.241 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 8
รูปผิดครับ *****Saddle Graft*****ต้องรูปนี้
| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:39] ( IP A:202.149.25.225 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 9
*****Bridge Graft*****
Bridge grafting (Figure 8) is used to "bridge" a diseased or damaged area of a plant, usually at or near the base of the trunk. Such damage commonly results from contact with grading or lawn maintenance equipment, or it may be caused by rodents, cold temperatures, or disease organisms. The bridge graft provides support as well as a pipeline that allows water and nutrients to move across the damaged area.
Bridge grafts are usually done in early spring just before active plant growth begins. They may be performed any time the bark on the injured plant "slips."
Preparing the Scion. Select scions that are straight and about twice as long as the damaged area to be bridged. Make a 1 1/2- to 2-inch-long tapered cut on the same plane at each end of the scion.
Preparing the Stock. Remove any damaged tissue so the graft is on healthy stems. Cut a flap in the bark on the rootstock the same width as the scion and below the injury to be repaired. Gently fold the flap away from the stock, being careful not to tear the bark flap.
Inserting the Scion. First, insert and secure the scion below the injury; push the scion under the flap with the cut portion of the scion against the wood of the injured stem or trunk. Then go back and insert and secure the scion above the injury following these same steps. Push the scion firmly into place. Pull the flap over the scion and tack it into place as described for bark grafting (Figure 3).
When grafting with young stems that may waver in the wind, insert the scions so that they bow outward slightly. Bridge grafts should be spaced about 3 to 4 inches apart across the damaged area.
Securing the Graft. Secure all graft areas with warm grafting wax or grafting paint. During and after the healing period, remove any buds or shoots that develop on the scions.
| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:41] ( IP A:202.149.25.225 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 10
*****Inarch Graft*****
Inarching, like bridge grafting, is used to bypass or support a damaged or weakened area of a plant stem (Figure 9). Unlike bridge grafting, the scion can be an existing shoot, sucker, or watersprout that is already growing below and extending above the injury. The scion may also be a shoot of the same species as the injured plant growing on its own root system next to the main trunk of the damaged tree. With the inarching technique, the tip of the scion is grafted in above the injury using the same method as for bark or bridge grafting.
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| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 14:43] ( IP A:202.149.25.233 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 12
วิธี*****Saddle Graft*****มักใช้เมื่อยอดที่จะเอามาเสียบใหญ่กว่า
ขนาดต้นตอน่ะครับ เลยเสียบแบบ วีหงาย ได้ไม่ถนัด สู้จับใส่หมวกเป็น วีคว่ำ ไม่ได้ 5555
| | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [16 ส.ค. 51 21:09] ( IP A:202.149.25.241 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 13
รับรองว่า ต่างประเทศขยายไม้ด้วยวิธีพวกนี้ ยังสู้คนไทยไม่ได้ครับ..โดยเฉพาะทางยุโรปและอเมริกา..ที่ทราบเพราะว่า..
มีพี่คนหนึ่งไปทำงานที่สวีเดน และ ก็ทำที่อิรัค..เมื่อเกือบยี่สิบปีที่แล้ว..เขาทำวิธีขยายไม้แบบนี้ให้ชาวต่างชาติดู เขาดูแล้วเป็นเรื่องที่น่าทึ่งมาก..ปัจจุบันพี่คนนี้ถือเป็นมือระดับอาจารย์เรื่องการขยายแบบนี้..และเป็นวิทยากรท้องถิ่น ในการเผยแพร่ความรู้ทางการเกษตร..
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ส่วนรูปสุดท้าย เสียบแบบปากฉลามกลับด้าน..ผมว่าอันนี้มันตลกดี..หลายปีมาแล้วเคยเห็น คนชื่อยุทธ..อยู่แถวๆบ้านนา แกเสียบแบบนี้แหละ..
การขยายพันธุ์ไม้โดยวิธีพวกนี้ ไม่ได้ทำได้กับไม้ทุกประเภท..บางอย่างทำได้ บางวิธีทำไม่ได้..ปัจจุบันมีคนไทยหลายคน รับจ้างทำต้นไม้อยู่ในต่างประเทศ..ผมเองก็เคยถูกชักชวน..แต่ไม่ชอบยิว ไซล็อค..อิสราเอล เลยอยู่เมืองไทยสบายกว่า.. | โดย: อรรถพล  [16 ส.ค. 51 21:36] ( IP A:125.27.117.125 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 14
---เห็นด้วยกับคุณอรรถพลครับ ฝรั่งมักทำอะไรทื่อๆตรงๆตามตัวหนังสือ พลิกแพลงไม่ค่อยเป็น แต่คนเอเชียจะพลิกแพลงดัดแปลง ประยุกต์ได้เก่งกว่า
ในหลายๆเรื่อง ผมและเพื่อนๆเคยทำงานร่วมกับคนฟินน์ พวกเค้าจะทำงานกันแบบซื่อๆง่ายๆตรงๆ พลิกแพลง ไม่เป็น เวลาเกิดปัญหาเฉพาะหน้าก็จะยืนงงๆๆ หรือไม่ก็หลีกเร้นจากปัญหาไปเลย แต่พี่ไทยเราชอบลุย ซิกแซกแก้ปัญหาได้เท่าทันสถานการณ์ได้เป็นเยี่ยม
ตัดสินใจในภาวะเร่งด่วนฉุกเฉินได้เก่งกว่า เราเคยแซวกันว่าพวกนี้ทำงานกันแบบโนเกีย
คือเอาง่ายเข้าว่า พอมาเจอซัมซุง เจอ โซนี่เอริคสัน แล้วทำไรไม่เป็น... อิอิ
----ส่วนเรื่องการติดตา เสียบยอด ต่อกิ่ง คนทั่วๆไปไม่ค่อยรู้จักด้วยซ้ำ ตอนผมอยู่อเมริกาก็เคยลองติดตากุหลาบเล่นๆ คนแถวบ้านก็ งงๆ ถามว่ามันมีวิธีการแบบนี้ด้วยเหรอ ส่วนใหญ่สังคมแบบตะวันตก มักมีแต่ผู้บริโภคที่รู้จักแต่ผลิตภัณฑ์ที่สำเร็จรูปแล้ว ไม่ค่อยรู้เบื้องหลังการถ่ายทำ
ว่ามันเป็นไงมาไงถึงจะได้ผลผลิตแบบนั้นๆ พวกนักวิชาการที่เขียนตำราเท่านั้นที่ไม่เป็น
แบบชาวบ้าน | | โดย: ทาร์ซาน [17 ส.ค. 51 10:15] ( IP A:202.149.25.241 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 15
ถึงจะแปลไม่ออก แต่ก็พอดูรูปรู้เรื่อง....
ขอบคุณมากครับ สำหรับความรู้ดีๆ ที่นำมาให้ครับ... | | โดย: ดุ่ย [17 ส.ค. 51 11:17] ( IP A:124.120.176.240 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 16
ขอบคุณมากครับ | | โดย: yai [18 เม.ย. 52 14:39] ( IP A:115.67.160.68 X: ) | |
ความคิดเห็นที่ 17
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ความคิดเห็นที่ 18
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That time of you, on releasing from school back, love to act in pettish with me, at you that was childish manner don\'t take off of small face up, can always see you that small dimples that smile, your smiling is so of amiability, absolutely having no to evilly let people can not imagine.I don\'t know as well at that time how ground, you love to play with me and in spite of and together study still together crazy, you love with I is together.I also the elephant was dyed by your Mu, also naturally fancied you, wants could not see you for a day for the elephant in the mind to be in need of what, always [url=https://www.corporate-illusion.co.uk/goosecoats.asp]Canada Goose Jackets UK[/url] get empty a prison prison of, probably this is the omen that falls in love with you.And you are to so can not get away from me, even the study also makes me accompany to learn, I follow you closely study in a side and have can\'t of problem, I patiently explain in detail for you and finish learning, you act in pettish a short while, then make me follow you closely and go to rest with me.
I all basically pick you up to up and down learn that time everyday and once went to a night, you the young girl Jue wore a mouth, oneself fore the noodles walked to ignore me, I at behind followed to explain, can you pack not to listen to and also chased ear Wu to ascend, Be walking and saying“I don\'t listen to, I don\'t listen to.”I a see this have no Zhe, get a brainwave, say:“You see I buy for you what delicious of, I can eat.”You this listens to, also not Wu ear, become cheery all of a sudden, make track for I want, but after catching up with, I see me what don\'t also buy, got angry again, my elephant coaxs a baby, coax you, make you wait me, I run to opposite of roast a store, bought for you to roast a string, you are happy to match Long mouth not, and I have already said to smile and return to in home.
I return to upstairs with you, I take a schoolbag for you, and then solve shoelace for you and also take off jacket for you, at this time, my vision meets with you all of a sudden, there is the fire of a kind of love in the elephant your eyes, is burning me, at this time I is true of drive your vision bright dye, embrace you all of a sudden in the bosom, I kissed you at this, from now on after is more always together.
Love from then on, love dying, love crazy, love silly, you all sink to immerse all day long at happiness and happiness of sweet in, I always togetherly keep you company all day long, you still make me keep you company and let me sit on your bedside while especially going to bed in the evening and follow you closely asleep, you asleep of the small shape is lovely, I cant not bear to the heart bother you.
But who can thought of, but you unconsciously the elephant evaporated from the human life and didn\'t come to our house any further, I really miss you so much at this time, every day in the road come back, pass by the place that you once studied, halt enough a short while, thought of that I connect to send you the situation for going to school, an act acts all present at me of at present, you that brilliant smiling face appears again the in front at me, I infatuate with a thinking of sort and enjoy in retrospect.Return to a home, see the thing that you once use and you once slept of bed, the that quilt best elephant still stays to have you fragrant aroma, I really miss you so much, and it is so to can not let go you.
I every day at and your shadow form copy concomitant, ignore sleeping still in a dream, you are to so live vivid the emergence now, if the shadow with no you keeps company with, I really can not live, my true love dying, love crazy, love silly, so infatuate with the love of sort under go.
Do you know?I for missing you, I all pour into my love to in the verse, the verse is your shadow, I infatuate with in the beautiful and charming verse, there and your similar United States, I can heartily love over there with you, happiness wear, happy, elephant I and you is together so of can not separate.
Love dying, love crazy, love silly, I will this felling, because I truely once loved, also love is so persist.
Although you not at my there is verse nearby also foot Yi, if you want to see the verse that I write to you in the afar, you will definitely move to die, probably you will also elephant I am similar, so of love dying, love crazy, love silly.
I really think is so, can that very silly dream come true?
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